Drinking Water & Municipal Water Treatment
Water utilities and municipal treatment plants use 2-component ClO₂ powder as a chlorine alternative that works across pH 4–10 without forming trihalomethanes (THMs) — the carcinogenic byproducts associated with chlorine disinfection. Effective against bacteria, viruses, Cryptosporidium and algae in source water.
Typical dosing: 0.5–2 mg/L depending on source water contamination level.
| Water Source | Dosing Concentration | Stock Solution Dilution |
|---|
| Municipal Tap Water | 0.5 mg/L | 1:20,000 |
| Groundwater | 1 mg/L | 1:10,000 |
| Surface Water / Reservoir Water | 1 mg/L | 1:10,000 |
| Epidemic-Affected Water Supply | 2 mg/L | 1:5,000 |
Food & Beverage Processing
Food and beverage manufacturers use 2-component ClO₂ for three distinct needs:
Raw material water disinfection — process water used in washing, blanching, rinsing and mixing must meet microbial standards. ClO₂ at low concentrations (0.5–1 mg/L) treats incoming water without affecting flavour or leaving chemical residues at approved concentrations.
Equipment and pipeline CIP cleaning — ClO₂ breaks down biofilm in pipelines, tanks and filling equipment more effectively than chlorine because it penetrates the biofilm matrix rather than just surface-treating it.
Facility and surface disinfection — production environments, cold storage areas and packaging surfaces. ClO₂ gas fumigation is used for space disinfection during shutdown periods.
FDA/EPA/WHO compliant. Suitable for food-contact surface applications at approved concentrations.
Aquaculture — Fish & Shrimp Farming
Aquaculture buyers are one of the largest user segments for 2-component ClO₂ powder in Southeast Asia. Key applications:
Water column disinfection — kills pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites without the residual toxicity issues of chlorine or formalin. ClO₂ breaks down to water and salt with no harmful residue accumulation in pond sediment.
Algae control — oxidises algae at the source, reducing organic load and preventing oxygen depletion events.
Bottom improvement — oxidises organic matter accumulated on pond bottoms, reducing ammonia and hydrogen sulphide levels that stress fish and shrimp.
Commonly used in shrimp farming operations in Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines.
Typical dosing: 1–5 mg/L depending on pond contamination and stocking density. Contact us for species-specific dosing guidance.
Soil & Irrigation Water
Used in greenhouse and field operations for soil sterilisation before planting, irrigation water disinfection, and crop foliage treatment to control fungal and bacterial disease. Replaces more toxic soil fumigants in markets where chemical restrictions are tightening.
| Application | Dosing Concentration | Dosing Method |
|---|
| Soil Flood Irrigation | 15–20 mg/L | Mix into irrigation water |
| Greenhouse Fumigation | 3,000 mg/L | Fumigation in a closed space |
| Crop Foliage Spray | 30–50 mg/L | Direct spraying |
| Seed Soaking | 50–100 mg/L | Soak for 5–10 min |
Livestock & Poultry Farming
Drinking water line disinfection — biofilm builds up in drinking water lines and becomes a persistent source of reinfection even after antibiotic treatment. ClO₂ at 1–3 mg/L in drinking water lines destroys biofilm and controls waterborne pathogens including E. coli, Salmonella and Newcastle disease virus.
Barn and facility disinfection — ClO₂ gas fumigation of poultry houses between flocks, or spray disinfection of surfaces and equipment. Effective against avian influenza virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus and other livestock pathogens.
Feed preservation — inhibits mould growth in stored feed, reducing mycotoxin risk.
Swimming Pools & Recreational Water
ClO₂ works across pH 4–10 — unlike chlorine, which loses up to 90% of its disinfection activity above pH 8. For pools where pH control is difficult or for operators dealing with persistent algae problems, ClO₂ provides more consistent disinfection performance.
| Application | Dosing Concentration | Dosing Method |
|---|
| Pool Water (Spring / Autumn / Winter) | 0.5 mg/L | Dilute and splash into the pool |
| Pool Water (Summer, Higher Bather Load) | 1 mg/L | Dilute and splash into the pool |
| Equipment and Surfaces | 50–100 mg/L | Soaking or spraying |
| Indoor Pool Air Disinfection | 100 mg/L | Spray walls and floors |
Industrial Cooling Towers & Circulating Water
Cooling towers are the highest-risk environment for Legionella growth. Chlorine-based treatment loses effectiveness as pH rises in recirculating water — ClO₂ does not. Regular ClO₂ dosing every 3 days controls Legionella, biofilm and algae without the pH sensitivity limitations of chlorine.
Typical: 5 mg/L every 72 hours. Adjust based on system volume and contamination load.
Wastewater Treatment
Municipal and industrial wastewater operators use ClO₂ for effluent disinfection, odour control and decolourisation before discharge. Hospital wastewater requires higher concentrations (20–40 mg/L) due to the presence of drug-resistant organisms.
| Wastewater Type | Dosing Concentration | Contact Time |
|---|
| Lightly Contaminated Wastewater | 1–5 mg/L | 30 min |
| Heavily Contaminated Wastewater | 10 mg/L | 30 min |
| Hospital Effluent | 20–40 mg/L | 30–60 min |
Hospitals, Public Spaces & Household Disinfection
Distributors supplying institutional buyers — hospitals, hotels, schools, government facilities — use 2-component powder as a cost-effective bulk input for surface and air disinfection programmes. The high-concentration stock solution allows precise dilution for different surfaces and risk levels.
